Research Progress on Inflammatory Cytokines in Depressive Disorders

Abstract

Depressive disorder is a prevalent psychiatric condition characterized by complex and multifactorial pathophysiology, with inflammatory cytokines playing a pivotal role. Previous studies have demonstrated significantly elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines in individuals with depressive disorder. These cytokines contribute to neurotransmitter depletion, impaired neuroplasticity, and dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Furthermore, they intensify oxidative stress and disrupt the gut microbiota, collectively exacerbating depressive symptoms. In recent years, novel therapeutic approaches targeting inflammatory pathways have gained increasing attention, encompassing pharmacological, physical, and psychological interventions. These modalities have shown substantial potential in alleviating depressive symptoms by modulating inflammatory responses. This review comprehensively examines the underlying mechanisms of inflammatory cytokines in depressive disorder, outlines clinical research related to cytokine expression in adolescent depression, and systematically summarizes emerging treatment strategies aimed at reducing inflammation. The goal is to provide new theoretical insights and practical guidance for the early identification and precise management of depressive disorders in adolescents.